Przewalski’s horse (or Equus ferus przewalskii) is a species of wild horse living in the steppes of Mongolia, also known as the takhi, Mongolian wild horse and the Dzungarian horse.
Przewalski’s horse is smaller and has a stockier build than most other equid species. The coat is orange-tan with a paler underside, and is accentuated by an erect black mane, thick black tail and black legs.
It measures 2.1m to 2.6m in length and stands between 1.2m and 1.5m high at the shoulders. Mature individuals weigh between 250kg and 360kg. Males may be slightly larger than females, though there is no obvious sexual dimorphism in this species.
Przewalski’s horses live in cohesive herds, which are composed of several harems. In a harem there is one mature stallion, several females and their young offspring. Young males that have not yet gained their own harem or old males who have lost their harem live in bachelor herds.
Enrichments
Food-Based Enrichments
Grazing Ball Feeder
Barrel Feeder - Hanging
Hanging Grazer Feeder
Barrel Feeder - Large
Melon Feeder
Scarecrow Feeder
Habitat Enrichments
Grab Ball
Large Ball
Curio Ball
Plant Screen
Rubbing Pillar
Rubber Chicken
Herb Scent Marker
Mud Bath
Conservation Topics
Grassland Ecosystem Ambience
Diurnal Behavior
Habitat Loss
Poaching and the Exotic Pet Trade
Herbivore Diet
Mammal Evolution
Przewalski's Horse Fact Sheet
Vocal Animals
The Animal Kingdom Talk
Species Reintroduction
Genetic Bottlenecks
Przewalski's Horse Name Plate
Lifecycle
Przewalski’s horses live in cohesive herds, which are composed of several harems. In a harem there is one mature stallion, several females and their young offspring. Young males that have not yet gained their own harem or old males who have lost their harem live in bachelor herds.
Young female Przewalski’s horses leave their natal group to join an unrelated stallion’s harem, in which she will remain for life. Stallions acquire several females over their life, growing their harems until no longer fit to defend them. Old stallions who lost their harem may join bachelor herds. The dominant stallion will mate with the mares in his harem from April to May.
Mares are pregnant for 11 to 12 months, and give birth to a single foal. Foals begin eating solid food at 1 month old and are fully weaned by 8 to 13 months old, usually when a new foal is born to the mother. 85% of foal deaths are caused by unrelated stallions trying to bring the female back into oestrus. Mares can mate and conceive again 7 days after birth.
Przewalski’s horses reach sexual maturity at 2 years old, but females are unlikely to mate until 3 years old, and males will not actively try to form their own harem until 5 years old. Females leave their natal harem when they are acquired by another stallion, while males disperse between 1 to 2 years old and form bachelor herds, where they playfight to learn how to defend their own harem later.
Statistics
Litter Size
1-1
Gestation / Incubation Period
12 months
Interbirth Period
12 months
Reproduction Difficulty
Easy
Age Of Sexual Sterility
Death
Age Of Sexual Maturity
2 years
Juvenile2 years
Adult21 years
Elderly13 years
Animal Facts
The exact taxonomic status of Przewalski’s horse is still debated, some arguing it is a subspecies of what became the domestic horse, while others classify it as a separate species of wild horse.
Przewalski’s horse has 33 chromosomal pairs, whereas modern domestic horses have 32, indicating they became genetically separate long ago.
In 2020, the first cloned Przewalski’s horse was born as part of an assisted breeding programme. The foal was created using a frozen cell from a stallion that died in 1998 and is hoped to add much needed genetic diversity back into the population.
There are over 100 Przewalski’s horses living in the Chernobyl exclusion zone in Eastern Europe.
Przewalski’s horse is thought to be similar in appearance to what the wild ancestors of the domesticated horse could have looked like, with a dun coat and primitive markings on the back and the legs.
Conservation
Once driven to extinction around the 1960s by habitat loss and overhunting, Przewalski’s horse only survived in captivity. It has since been reintroduced to the wild, and the current population is assessed as Endangered. Throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, their natural habitat in the grasslands of Central Asia was increasingly converted to agricultural land, and hunting for meat or capture for zoos further depleted their stock.
Fortunately, those small captive populations survived and later became the foundation for a successful captive breeding and rewilding program. In the 1990s, conservationists and the Mongolian authorities worked to reintroduce captive-bred horses into their native habitat. The first group of horses was released in 1992. Over the years, the population adapted well, forming stable social structures and reproducing in the wild. Today, several protected areas in Mongolia, Kazakhstan and even Ukraine host thriving populations of Przewalski’s horses, making it one of the most successful cases of large mammal reintroduction.
Native Range
(Re)introduced to Asian steppe habitats
Statistics
Wild Population
1,900 reintroduced, semi-wild in national parks and reserves
Conservation Status
Endangered
Valid Release Group Types
Mixed Group
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Grazing Ball Feeder
Barrel Feeder - Hanging
Hanging Grazer Feeder
Barrel Feeder - Large
Melon Feeder
Scarecrow Feeder
Grab Ball
Large Ball
Curio Ball
Plant Screen
Rubbing Pillar
Rubber Chicken
Herb Scent Marker
Mud Bath
